Quality of Life Energy Environment
Ph.D. Thesis D Dhanapal
Geo Resource Centre
Ph.D. Thesis D Dhanapal
Geo Resource Centre
CONTENTS
Preface
i
Acknowledgements
iii
Contents
vii
List of Tables
x
List of Figures
xiv
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCATION
1-64
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Review of Literature
5
1.3
Objectives
46
1.4
QEE – Model (Q double E Model) and Hypotheses
47
1.5
Study Area
50
1.6
Study Period
51
1.7
Data Base
51
1.8
Methodology
52
1.9
Limitations of the Study
60
1.10
Organization of the Thesis
62
CHAPTER
II
STUDY AREA AND SAMPLE : AN OUTLINE
65-79
2.1
Introduction
65
2.2
Namakkal Taluk
65
2.3
Sampling Design
74
2.4
Sample Villages in Sendhamangalam Block
75
2.5
Sample Households in Sendhamanagalam Block
76
2.6
Sample Villages in Mohanur Block
77
2.7
Sample Households in Mohanur Block
79
CHAPTER
III
QUALITY OF LIFE : A SPATIL ANALYSIS
80-113
3.1
Quality of Life – Definition
80
3.2
Quality of Life as a Research Topic
85
3.3
Attributes of Quality of Life
86
3.4
Attributes of Quality of Life in the Indian Rural Context
87
3.5
Objective or Subjective Indicators
89
3.6
Happiness or Satisfaction Level
90
3.7
Scale for Measuring the Level of Happiness
92
3.8
Determining and Measuring the Level of Quality of Life
93
3.9
Subjective Quality of Life
95
3.10
Objective Quality of Life
104
3.11
Ranking of Sample Villages on Quality of Life
111
3.12
Conclusion
113
CHAPTER
IV
FOOD ENERGY CONSUMPTION
114-125
4.1
Introduction
114
4.2
Food Energy Units and their Calculations
116
4.3
Food Energy Consumption in Sendhamangalam Block
118
4.4
Food Energy Consumption in Mohanur Block
122
4.5
Conclusion
125
CHAPTER
V
ENERGY USE PATTERN IN DOMESTIC SECTOR
126-139
5.1
Introduction
126
5.2
Definition of Rural Energy
127
5.3
Delimiting Domestic Activities
128
5.4
Domestic Energy Use Pattern in Sendhamangalam Block
128
5.5
Domestic Energy Use Pattern in Mohanur Block
134
5.6
Conclusion
CHAPTER
VI
ENERGY USE PATTERN IN AGRICULTURE
140-160
6.1
Introduction
140
6.2
Delimiting Energy Uses in Agriculture
141
6.3
Delimiting the Agricultural Activities
143
6.4
Energy for and from Crop Cultivation in Sendhamangalam Block
144
6.5
Energy for and from Crop Cultivation in Mohanur Block
150
6.6
Energy for and from Poultry Farming in Sendhamangalam Block
156
6.7
Energy for and from Poultry Farming in Mohanur Block
157
6.8
Conclusion
159
CHAPTER
VII
ENERGY USE PATTERN IN INDUSTRIES AND COMMERCE
161-180
7.1
Introduction
161
7.2
Definition and Delimitation of Industrial Units and Commercial Establishments
162
7.3
Energy Use Pattern in Industries in Sendhamangalam Block
163
7.4
Energy Use Pattern in Industries in Mohanur Block
167
7.5
Energy Use Pattern in Commerce Sector in Sendhamangalam Block
171
7.6
Energy Use Pattern in Commerce Sector in Mohanur Block
174
7.7
Conclusion
178
CHAPTER
VIII
ENERGY USE PATTERN IN TRANSPORT
181-196
8.1
Introduction
181
8.2
Definition of Transport
183
8.3
Delimitation of Travel Purposes
183
8.4
Energy Use Pattern in Transport in Sendhamangalam Block
185
8.5
Energy Use Pattern in Transport in Mohanur Block
191
8.6
Conclusion
195
CHAPTER
IX
TOTAL ENERGY USE PATTERN
197-213
9.1
Introduction
197
9.2
Energy Use Pattern in Other Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
199
9.3
Sector-wise Total Energy Use in Sendhamangalam Block
199
9.4
Sector-wise Total Energy Use in Mohanur Block
203
9.5
Source-wise Total Energy Use in Sendhamangalam Block
206
9.6
Source-wise Total Energy Use in Mohanur Block
209
9.7
Conclusion
213
CHAPTER
X
QUALITY OF LIFE, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
214-237
10.1
Introduction
214
10.2
Quality of Life and Energy Consumption
214
10.3
Energy and Environment
217
10.4
Conclusion
235
CHAPTER
X1
FUTURE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
238-243
11.1
Introduction
238
11.2
Future Energy Requirements in 2001 and 2011 A.D. in Sendhamangalam Block
240
11.3
Future Energy Requirements in 2001 and 2011 A.D. in Mohanur Block
242
11.4
Conclusion
243
CHAPTER
XII
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
244-264
12.1
Summary of the Findings
244
12.2
Objectives, Hypotheses and Findings
254
12.3
Suggestions
257
12.4
Future Course of Present Exercise
263
Bibliography
265-280
Appendices
281-303
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1.1
Description of QEE Model
Table
2.1
Namakkal Taluk: Population and Area, 1981
Table
2.2
Population Density and Irrigated Area by Blocks, 1981
Table
2.3
Sendhamanagalam Block: Villages, 1981
Table
2.4
Mohanur Block: Villages, 1981
Table
2.5
Sendhamanagalam Block: Villages and Ecological Stress
Table
2.6
Mohanur Block: Villages and Ecological Stress
Table
2.7
Sendhamanagalam Block: Selection of Sample Villages
Table
2.8
Mohanur Block: Selection of Sample Villages
Table
2.9
Sample Structure
Table
2.10
Sample Households: Socio-economic Details
Table
3.1
List of Variables Selected for Measuring Quality of Life
Table
3.2
Variance Accounted by Subjective Factors of Quality of Life
Table
3.3
Factor Loadings of Subjective Variables
Table
3.4
Variance Accounted by Objective Factors of Quality of Life
Table
3.5
Factor Loadings of Objective Variables
Table
3.6
Levels of Quality of Life Based on Subjective Factors
Table
3.7
Levels of Quality of Life Based on Objective Factors
Table
3.8
Ranks of the Villages on Quality of Life
Table
3.9
Levels of Quality of Life in Selected Villages of Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks, 1990
Table
4.1
Village-wise Food Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
4.2
Cost-wise Food Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
4.3
Income-wise Food Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
4.4
Food Energy Consumption by Educational Level of the Head of the Household, 1990
Table
5.1
Energy Consumption for Different Domestic Activities, 1990
Table
5.2
Percent Share of Energy Consumption by Different Domestic Activities, 1990
Table
5.3
Caste-wise Domestic Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
5.4
Income group-wise Domestic Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
5.5
Percent Share of Domestic Energy Use by Caste and Income Groups, 1990
Table
5.6
Source-wise Domestic Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
5.7
Domestic Energy Use by Sources, 1990
Table
6.1
Energy Use Pattern in Crop Cultivation, 1990
Table
6.2
Proportion of Energy to Total Energy Used for Crop Cultivation by Forms in Sendhamanagalam and Mohanur Blocks, 1990
Table
6.3
Per Hectare Energy Use for Crop Cultivation, 1990
Table
6.4
Per Capita Cultivation Energy Use, 1990
Table
6.5
Farm Size and Cultivation Energy Use, 1990
Table
6.6
Farm Size and Per Hectare Cultivation Energy Use, 1990
Table
6.7
Crop-wise Energy Use in Sendhamanagalam Block, 1990
Table
6.8
Crop-wise Energy Use Per Hectare in Sendhamangalam Block, 1990
Table
6.9
Crop-wise Energy Use in Mohanur Block, 1990
Table
6.10
Crop-wise Energy Use Per Hectare in Mohanur Block, 1990
Table
6.11
Energy for and from Crop Cultivation, 1990
Table
6.12
Crop-wise Energy Input and Output in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks, 1990
Table
6.13
Energy for and from Poultry Farming, 1990
Table
6.14
Percentage of Each Form of Energy to Total Poultry Farming Energy, 1990
Table
6.15
Poultry Farming Energy Per 1000 Birds, 1990
Table
6.16
Per Capita Energy for and from Poultry Farming, 1990
Table
7.1
Village-wise and Source-wise Energy Use Pattern in Industries, 1990
Table
7.2
Forms of Energy Used in Industries, 1990
Table
7.3
Energy Consumption Per Industrial Unit, 1990
Table
7.4
Per Capita Industrial Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
7.5
Industry-wise Energy Use Pattern in Sendhamanagalam Block, 1990
Table
7.6
Industry-wise Energy Use Pattern in Mohanur Block, 1990
Table
7.7
Industry-wise Energy Use Patter in Both the Blocks, 1990
Table
7.8
Forms of Energy Used in Industries in Both the Blocks, 1990
Table
7.9
Energy Use Pattern in Commerce Sector, 1990
Table
7.10
Forms of Energy Used in Commerce Sector, 1990
Table
7.11
Energy Use Per Shop, 1990
Table
7.12
Per Capita Energy Use in Commerce Sector, 1990
Table
7.13
Commerce-wise Energy Use Pattern, 1990
Table
7.14
Commerce-wise Energy Use Pattern in Both the Blocks
Table
7.15
Forms of Energy Used in Commerce Sector in Both the Blocks, 1990
Table
8.1
Energy Use in Transport, 1990
Table
8.2
Forms of Energy Used in Transport Sector, 1990
Table
8.3
Per Capita Energy Consumption for Transportation, 1990
Table
8.4
Purpose-wise Energy Use in Transport Sector, 1990
Table
8.5
Forms of Energy Used for Different Travel Purposes, 1990
Table
9.1
Total Energy Use Pattern, 1990
Table
9.2
Per Capita Total Energy Use Pattern, 1990
Table
9.3
Proportion of Energy Use to Total Energy, 1990
Table
9.4
Source-wise and Village-wise Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
9.5
Forms of Energy Used, 1990
Table
9.6
Source-wise Per Capita Energy Use, 1990
Table
10.1
Quality of Life and Per Capita Energy Consumption: Correlation Coefficients (Both the Blocks)
Table
10.2
Quality of Life and Per Capita Energy Use – Rank Matching Method
Table
10.3
Emission of Pollutants due to Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
10.4
Per Capita Emission of Pollutants due to Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
10.5
Los of Nutrients from the Soil, 1990
Table
10.6
Mean Number of Wells Dried and Mean Depth of Water-table as Perceived by the Sample Households, 1990
Table
10.7
Changing Water-table : Perception of the Sample Households, 1990
Table
10.8
Decreasing Water-table : Perception of the Sample Households on Causes, 1990
Table
10.9
Wells Dried : Reasons Reported by the Sample Households, 1990
Table
10.10
Change in Forest Land : Perception of the Sample Households, 1990
Table
10.11
Reasons for the Decrease of the Forest Land : Perception of the Sample Households, 1990
Table
10.12
Pollution of Crop Outputs due to Chemical Fertilizers : Perception of the Households, 1990
Table
11.1
Actual and Projected Population in 1971-2011
Table
11.2
Sector-wise Projected Energy Requirements in 2001 A.D. in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
Table
11.3
Source-wise Projected Energy Requirements in 2001 A.D. in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
Table
11.4
Sector-wise Projected Energy Requirements in 2011 A.D. in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
Table
11.5
Source-wise Projected Energy Requirements in 2011 A.D. in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.1
Classification of Review of Literature
Figure
1.2
Quality of Life Energy Environment – QEE - Model
Figure
2.1
Study Area – Namakkal Taluk, 1991
Figure
2.2
Population Density – Namakkal Taluk, 1981
Figure
2.3
Proportion of Irrigated Land to Total Agricultural Land – Namakkal Taluk, 1981
Figure
2.4
Ecological Stress Zones – Namakkal Taluk, 1981
Figure
2.5
Sample Villages in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
Figure
4.1
Per Capita Food Energy Consumption in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
5.1
Per Capita Energy Use in Domestic Sector n Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
5.2
Form of Energy Use in Domestic Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
6.1
Per Capita Energy Use in Agricultural Sector in Sendhamanagalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
6.2
Form of Energy Use in Agricultural Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
7.1
Per Capita Energy Use in Industrial Sector n Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
7.2
Forms of Energy Use in Industrial Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
8.1
Per Capita Energy Use in Transport Sector n Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
8.2
Form of Energy Use in Transport Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
9.1
Per Capita Energy Use in Other Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
9.2
Per Capita Total Energy Use in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
9.4
Form of Energy Use in All Sectors in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.1
Per Capita Emission of CO in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.2
Form of Energy Use and Air Pollution-CO in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.3
Per Capita Emission of TSP in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.4
Form of Energy Use and Air Pollution-TSP in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.5
Per Capita Emission of SO2 in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.6
Form of Energy Use and Air Pollution- SO2 in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.7
Per Capita Emission of NOx in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.8
Form of Energy Use and Air Pollution-NOx in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.9
Per Capita Removal of N from the Soil in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.10
Per Capita Removal of P2O5 from the Soil in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.11
Per Capita Removal of K2O from the Soil in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.12
Loss of Soil Nutrients Due to Agricultural Production in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks - 1990
Web Support: Geo Resource Centre [email protected]
Preface
i
Acknowledgements
iii
Contents
vii
List of Tables
x
List of Figures
xiv
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCATION
1-64
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Review of Literature
5
1.3
Objectives
46
1.4
QEE – Model (Q double E Model) and Hypotheses
47
1.5
Study Area
50
1.6
Study Period
51
1.7
Data Base
51
1.8
Methodology
52
1.9
Limitations of the Study
60
1.10
Organization of the Thesis
62
CHAPTER
II
STUDY AREA AND SAMPLE : AN OUTLINE
65-79
2.1
Introduction
65
2.2
Namakkal Taluk
65
2.3
Sampling Design
74
2.4
Sample Villages in Sendhamangalam Block
75
2.5
Sample Households in Sendhamanagalam Block
76
2.6
Sample Villages in Mohanur Block
77
2.7
Sample Households in Mohanur Block
79
CHAPTER
III
QUALITY OF LIFE : A SPATIL ANALYSIS
80-113
3.1
Quality of Life – Definition
80
3.2
Quality of Life as a Research Topic
85
3.3
Attributes of Quality of Life
86
3.4
Attributes of Quality of Life in the Indian Rural Context
87
3.5
Objective or Subjective Indicators
89
3.6
Happiness or Satisfaction Level
90
3.7
Scale for Measuring the Level of Happiness
92
3.8
Determining and Measuring the Level of Quality of Life
93
3.9
Subjective Quality of Life
95
3.10
Objective Quality of Life
104
3.11
Ranking of Sample Villages on Quality of Life
111
3.12
Conclusion
113
CHAPTER
IV
FOOD ENERGY CONSUMPTION
114-125
4.1
Introduction
114
4.2
Food Energy Units and their Calculations
116
4.3
Food Energy Consumption in Sendhamangalam Block
118
4.4
Food Energy Consumption in Mohanur Block
122
4.5
Conclusion
125
CHAPTER
V
ENERGY USE PATTERN IN DOMESTIC SECTOR
126-139
5.1
Introduction
126
5.2
Definition of Rural Energy
127
5.3
Delimiting Domestic Activities
128
5.4
Domestic Energy Use Pattern in Sendhamangalam Block
128
5.5
Domestic Energy Use Pattern in Mohanur Block
134
5.6
Conclusion
CHAPTER
VI
ENERGY USE PATTERN IN AGRICULTURE
140-160
6.1
Introduction
140
6.2
Delimiting Energy Uses in Agriculture
141
6.3
Delimiting the Agricultural Activities
143
6.4
Energy for and from Crop Cultivation in Sendhamangalam Block
144
6.5
Energy for and from Crop Cultivation in Mohanur Block
150
6.6
Energy for and from Poultry Farming in Sendhamangalam Block
156
6.7
Energy for and from Poultry Farming in Mohanur Block
157
6.8
Conclusion
159
CHAPTER
VII
ENERGY USE PATTERN IN INDUSTRIES AND COMMERCE
161-180
7.1
Introduction
161
7.2
Definition and Delimitation of Industrial Units and Commercial Establishments
162
7.3
Energy Use Pattern in Industries in Sendhamangalam Block
163
7.4
Energy Use Pattern in Industries in Mohanur Block
167
7.5
Energy Use Pattern in Commerce Sector in Sendhamangalam Block
171
7.6
Energy Use Pattern in Commerce Sector in Mohanur Block
174
7.7
Conclusion
178
CHAPTER
VIII
ENERGY USE PATTERN IN TRANSPORT
181-196
8.1
Introduction
181
8.2
Definition of Transport
183
8.3
Delimitation of Travel Purposes
183
8.4
Energy Use Pattern in Transport in Sendhamangalam Block
185
8.5
Energy Use Pattern in Transport in Mohanur Block
191
8.6
Conclusion
195
CHAPTER
IX
TOTAL ENERGY USE PATTERN
197-213
9.1
Introduction
197
9.2
Energy Use Pattern in Other Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
199
9.3
Sector-wise Total Energy Use in Sendhamangalam Block
199
9.4
Sector-wise Total Energy Use in Mohanur Block
203
9.5
Source-wise Total Energy Use in Sendhamangalam Block
206
9.6
Source-wise Total Energy Use in Mohanur Block
209
9.7
Conclusion
213
CHAPTER
X
QUALITY OF LIFE, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
214-237
10.1
Introduction
214
10.2
Quality of Life and Energy Consumption
214
10.3
Energy and Environment
217
10.4
Conclusion
235
CHAPTER
X1
FUTURE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
238-243
11.1
Introduction
238
11.2
Future Energy Requirements in 2001 and 2011 A.D. in Sendhamangalam Block
240
11.3
Future Energy Requirements in 2001 and 2011 A.D. in Mohanur Block
242
11.4
Conclusion
243
CHAPTER
XII
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
244-264
12.1
Summary of the Findings
244
12.2
Objectives, Hypotheses and Findings
254
12.3
Suggestions
257
12.4
Future Course of Present Exercise
263
Bibliography
265-280
Appendices
281-303
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1.1
Description of QEE Model
Table
2.1
Namakkal Taluk: Population and Area, 1981
Table
2.2
Population Density and Irrigated Area by Blocks, 1981
Table
2.3
Sendhamanagalam Block: Villages, 1981
Table
2.4
Mohanur Block: Villages, 1981
Table
2.5
Sendhamanagalam Block: Villages and Ecological Stress
Table
2.6
Mohanur Block: Villages and Ecological Stress
Table
2.7
Sendhamanagalam Block: Selection of Sample Villages
Table
2.8
Mohanur Block: Selection of Sample Villages
Table
2.9
Sample Structure
Table
2.10
Sample Households: Socio-economic Details
Table
3.1
List of Variables Selected for Measuring Quality of Life
Table
3.2
Variance Accounted by Subjective Factors of Quality of Life
Table
3.3
Factor Loadings of Subjective Variables
Table
3.4
Variance Accounted by Objective Factors of Quality of Life
Table
3.5
Factor Loadings of Objective Variables
Table
3.6
Levels of Quality of Life Based on Subjective Factors
Table
3.7
Levels of Quality of Life Based on Objective Factors
Table
3.8
Ranks of the Villages on Quality of Life
Table
3.9
Levels of Quality of Life in Selected Villages of Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks, 1990
Table
4.1
Village-wise Food Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
4.2
Cost-wise Food Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
4.3
Income-wise Food Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
4.4
Food Energy Consumption by Educational Level of the Head of the Household, 1990
Table
5.1
Energy Consumption for Different Domestic Activities, 1990
Table
5.2
Percent Share of Energy Consumption by Different Domestic Activities, 1990
Table
5.3
Caste-wise Domestic Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
5.4
Income group-wise Domestic Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
5.5
Percent Share of Domestic Energy Use by Caste and Income Groups, 1990
Table
5.6
Source-wise Domestic Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
5.7
Domestic Energy Use by Sources, 1990
Table
6.1
Energy Use Pattern in Crop Cultivation, 1990
Table
6.2
Proportion of Energy to Total Energy Used for Crop Cultivation by Forms in Sendhamanagalam and Mohanur Blocks, 1990
Table
6.3
Per Hectare Energy Use for Crop Cultivation, 1990
Table
6.4
Per Capita Cultivation Energy Use, 1990
Table
6.5
Farm Size and Cultivation Energy Use, 1990
Table
6.6
Farm Size and Per Hectare Cultivation Energy Use, 1990
Table
6.7
Crop-wise Energy Use in Sendhamanagalam Block, 1990
Table
6.8
Crop-wise Energy Use Per Hectare in Sendhamangalam Block, 1990
Table
6.9
Crop-wise Energy Use in Mohanur Block, 1990
Table
6.10
Crop-wise Energy Use Per Hectare in Mohanur Block, 1990
Table
6.11
Energy for and from Crop Cultivation, 1990
Table
6.12
Crop-wise Energy Input and Output in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks, 1990
Table
6.13
Energy for and from Poultry Farming, 1990
Table
6.14
Percentage of Each Form of Energy to Total Poultry Farming Energy, 1990
Table
6.15
Poultry Farming Energy Per 1000 Birds, 1990
Table
6.16
Per Capita Energy for and from Poultry Farming, 1990
Table
7.1
Village-wise and Source-wise Energy Use Pattern in Industries, 1990
Table
7.2
Forms of Energy Used in Industries, 1990
Table
7.3
Energy Consumption Per Industrial Unit, 1990
Table
7.4
Per Capita Industrial Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
7.5
Industry-wise Energy Use Pattern in Sendhamanagalam Block, 1990
Table
7.6
Industry-wise Energy Use Pattern in Mohanur Block, 1990
Table
7.7
Industry-wise Energy Use Patter in Both the Blocks, 1990
Table
7.8
Forms of Energy Used in Industries in Both the Blocks, 1990
Table
7.9
Energy Use Pattern in Commerce Sector, 1990
Table
7.10
Forms of Energy Used in Commerce Sector, 1990
Table
7.11
Energy Use Per Shop, 1990
Table
7.12
Per Capita Energy Use in Commerce Sector, 1990
Table
7.13
Commerce-wise Energy Use Pattern, 1990
Table
7.14
Commerce-wise Energy Use Pattern in Both the Blocks
Table
7.15
Forms of Energy Used in Commerce Sector in Both the Blocks, 1990
Table
8.1
Energy Use in Transport, 1990
Table
8.2
Forms of Energy Used in Transport Sector, 1990
Table
8.3
Per Capita Energy Consumption for Transportation, 1990
Table
8.4
Purpose-wise Energy Use in Transport Sector, 1990
Table
8.5
Forms of Energy Used for Different Travel Purposes, 1990
Table
9.1
Total Energy Use Pattern, 1990
Table
9.2
Per Capita Total Energy Use Pattern, 1990
Table
9.3
Proportion of Energy Use to Total Energy, 1990
Table
9.4
Source-wise and Village-wise Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
9.5
Forms of Energy Used, 1990
Table
9.6
Source-wise Per Capita Energy Use, 1990
Table
10.1
Quality of Life and Per Capita Energy Consumption: Correlation Coefficients (Both the Blocks)
Table
10.2
Quality of Life and Per Capita Energy Use – Rank Matching Method
Table
10.3
Emission of Pollutants due to Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
10.4
Per Capita Emission of Pollutants due to Energy Consumption, 1990
Table
10.5
Los of Nutrients from the Soil, 1990
Table
10.6
Mean Number of Wells Dried and Mean Depth of Water-table as Perceived by the Sample Households, 1990
Table
10.7
Changing Water-table : Perception of the Sample Households, 1990
Table
10.8
Decreasing Water-table : Perception of the Sample Households on Causes, 1990
Table
10.9
Wells Dried : Reasons Reported by the Sample Households, 1990
Table
10.10
Change in Forest Land : Perception of the Sample Households, 1990
Table
10.11
Reasons for the Decrease of the Forest Land : Perception of the Sample Households, 1990
Table
10.12
Pollution of Crop Outputs due to Chemical Fertilizers : Perception of the Households, 1990
Table
11.1
Actual and Projected Population in 1971-2011
Table
11.2
Sector-wise Projected Energy Requirements in 2001 A.D. in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
Table
11.3
Source-wise Projected Energy Requirements in 2001 A.D. in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
Table
11.4
Sector-wise Projected Energy Requirements in 2011 A.D. in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
Table
11.5
Source-wise Projected Energy Requirements in 2011 A.D. in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.1
Classification of Review of Literature
Figure
1.2
Quality of Life Energy Environment – QEE - Model
Figure
2.1
Study Area – Namakkal Taluk, 1991
Figure
2.2
Population Density – Namakkal Taluk, 1981
Figure
2.3
Proportion of Irrigated Land to Total Agricultural Land – Namakkal Taluk, 1981
Figure
2.4
Ecological Stress Zones – Namakkal Taluk, 1981
Figure
2.5
Sample Villages in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks
Figure
4.1
Per Capita Food Energy Consumption in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
5.1
Per Capita Energy Use in Domestic Sector n Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
5.2
Form of Energy Use in Domestic Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
6.1
Per Capita Energy Use in Agricultural Sector in Sendhamanagalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
6.2
Form of Energy Use in Agricultural Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
7.1
Per Capita Energy Use in Industrial Sector n Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
7.2
Forms of Energy Use in Industrial Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
8.1
Per Capita Energy Use in Transport Sector n Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
8.2
Form of Energy Use in Transport Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
9.1
Per Capita Energy Use in Other Sector in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
9.2
Per Capita Total Energy Use in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
9.4
Form of Energy Use in All Sectors in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.1
Per Capita Emission of CO in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.2
Form of Energy Use and Air Pollution-CO in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.3
Per Capita Emission of TSP in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.4
Form of Energy Use and Air Pollution-TSP in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.5
Per Capita Emission of SO2 in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.6
Form of Energy Use and Air Pollution- SO2 in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.7
Per Capita Emission of NOx in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.8
Form of Energy Use and Air Pollution-NOx in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.9
Per Capita Removal of N from the Soil in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.10
Per Capita Removal of P2O5 from the Soil in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.11
Per Capita Removal of K2O from the Soil in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks – 1990
Figure
10.12
Loss of Soil Nutrients Due to Agricultural Production in Sendhamangalam and Mohanur Blocks - 1990
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